Monitoring Civic Engagement in Development Aid

ARC supports efforts by CSOs in the global South to hold the World Bank and other development aid institutions accountable for their commitments to civic engagement. Since 2017, ARC has researched trends in World Bank reforms, supported civil society partners monitoring development projects, and complemented the oversight efforts of watchdog CSOs. More recently, ARC is developing tools for monitoring how USAID’s commitment to localization is playing out in practice.

Overview

ARC’s work on monitoring and learning from civic engagement in development aid initially focused on the World Bank. Since 2017, this has combined: firstly, sustained policy dialogue with World Bank decisionmakers; secondly, civil society coalition-building; thirdly, technical accompaniment for CSO-led monitoring of World Bank-funded projects; fourthly, research to inform the advocacy objectives of our partners; and finally, building alliances with champions of civic engagement within the World Bank. The evolution and growth of our strategic approach has enabled civic actors to hold this powerful institution accountable.

This area of work has expanded to include other aid institutions, including since 2021 a growing body of work on the implementation of USAID’s commitment to localization.

Featured publications

Civic Space: The Missing Element in the World Bank’s Country Engagement Approach makes the case for the World Bank to more systematically incorporate civic space analysis when developing country strategies. The report, by Christian Donaldson, Katelyn Gallagher, and Rachel Nadelman, was featured during the 2022 Civil Society Policy Forum at the World Bank Annual Meetings.

In their September 2023 blog on Oxfam’s From Poverty to Power, Jonathan Fox and Jeffrey Hallock a share preliminary analysis of how USAID’s commitment to localization is playing out in Colombia.

More About ARC’s Evolving Work

1. Facilitating sustained policy dialogue with the World Bank

Since 2018, ARC has facilitated a working group that brings together World Bank staff and CSOs to address institutional transparency on stakeholder and civic engagement in projects. The working group began with ad-hoc meetings on subjects selected by Bank staff. Subsequently, it has become a sustained, co-designed dialogue that tackles priority and sometimes contentious sustainable development concerns. ARC’s role as a university-based action research center has allowed it to facilitate discussion of sensitive issues among members with diverse perspectives and agendas. Subjects have included: how to maintain meaningful engagement when closing civic space means it leads to reprisals and retaliations; assessing the useability and impact of project-based grievance redress mechanisms; and blind spots in the Bank’s fulfilment of its access to information commitments.

The working group prioritizes meaningful and consistent inclusion of stakeholders from the global South. At the same time, it leverages its consistent institutional access to deliver on tangible advocacy goals.

Civil society members of the joint working group include: Accountability Counsel, Accountability Lab, Arab Watch Coalition, Bank Information Center, Defenders in Development, Freedom House, Kwantu, Nomo Gaia, Oxfam International, Partnership for Transparency, and Transparency & Accountability Initiative.

2. ‘Locally-led’ development, open government, and USAID funding

USAID has pledged to significantly increase the proportion of its funding that goes to ‘national’ organizations, and to include more ‘locally-led’ input. Informed engagement by national and local civil society stakeholders requires an understanding of USAID funding priorities and trends; this in turn requires open government. Based on earlier work in Honduras, in 2023 ARC is undertaking a pilot study to use public sources of official data to assess USAID’s disclosure practices, trace its sectoral priorities, and identify patterns of localization in Colombia. In September 2023, Jonathan Fox and Jeffrey Hallock discussed findings in their blog How More Open Goverment Can Bolster USAID’s Localization Agenda.

3. Collaborative CSO monitoring and advocacy for institutional change at the World Bank

ARC supports Southern CSOs to independently monitor World Bank project implementation. This includes the fulfillment of citizen engagement commitments. ARC provides accompaniment and technical support for partners to carry out monitoring and use the findings. This collaborative effort has three aims. Firstly, it seeks to create positive change at the project level. Secondly, it supports partners to engage effectively with government. Thirdly, it brings Southern-led experience to influence high-level learning and policy dialogue.

Past and present civil society collaborators monitoring World Bank citizen engagement in the global South include:

Access Bangladesh Foundation (Bangladesh)
Africa Freedom of Information Center (Uganda)
Center for the Study of Equity and Governance in Health Systems (Guatemala)
Centre for Human Rights and Rehabilitation (Malawi)
Colectivo Justicia Racial (Colombia)
Fundación Tierra (Bolivia)
Ghana Anti-Corruption Coalition (Ghana)
Governance and Social Accountability (Tunisia)
Government Watch (Philippines)
L’Association Démocratique des Femmes du Maroc (Morocco)
National Indigenous Disabled Women Association Nepal (Nepal)
Public and Private Development Centre (Nigeria)

Africa Freedom of Information Centre (AFIC) interviewing Ugandan Health Ministry staff. This was part of joint ARC-AFIC World Bank citizen engagement project monitoring. Photo: Ruth Namara, AFIC

4. The Sandra N. Smithey Fellowship for Equity and Accountability in International Development

In May 2023, ARC launched a new fellowship program. Sponsors are Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, Wallace Global Fund and Marin Community Trust. The Sandra N. Smithey Fellowship for Equity and Accountability in International Development will support changemakers from the global South who are working to transform international investment in energy and infrastructure. Fellows will be frontline advocates, organizers, scholar-activists, and community leaders whose work advances the kind of environmentally and socially sustainable development that Sandra, an environment progam officer for the Mott Foundation, championed. The first fellow, announced in September 2023, is Sisty Basil, founder and Executive Director of the ELICO Foundation, which develops renewable energy opportunities for last mile, energy-deprived communities in Tanzania.

5. Independent action research on World Bank trends

ARC pursues in-depth, independent research on institutional and project-based World Bank processes intended to support citizen engagement. This research aims to contribute to the knowledge base that will strengthen partners and networks. One study examined whether and how the Bank fulfils its commitments to citizen engagement in practice. Another looked at the incentives and constraints facing Bank staff charged with community engagement. A third asked whether outlier World Bank projects contributed to enabling environments for civic engagement.

For a full list of ARC’s publications in this area, see related resources below.

Collaborators

ARC policy advisor Rachel Nadelman leads our work on development finance and civic engagement. She co-convenes the ongoing World Bank-civil society dialogue, as well as providing strategic support to our collaborators. She is the principal investigator on a several pieces of research.
ARC director Jonathan Fox is leading the pilot study of ‘locally-led’ development and USAID spending, as well as providing support to the whole program.
In Colombia, ARC researchers Mariana Cepeda and Helmer Quiñones lead on monitoring citizen engagement and accountability in multilateral development bank projects in Afro-descendent communities that are historically marginalized and underserved.
In the Philippines, ARC researcher and G-Watch convenor-director Joy Aceron leads and provides strategic support to community partners monitoring Philippine government social programs financed by the World Bank and Asian Development Bank.
ARC senior researcher Judy Gearhart’s work makes the link between workers’ rights and development finance in the cocoa and fishing industries.
Scholar-in-residence Suchi Pande’s longstanding action research and advocacy on grievance redress mechanisms encompasses those utilized by the World Bank.

Sponsors have included UK Aid (through the Action for Empowerment and Accountability research program), the Open Society Foundations, the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, and the Wallace Global Fund.

Related Resources

2023

How More Open Goverment Can Bolster USAID’s Localization Agenda, blog, From Poverty To Power (Oxfam), Jonathan Fox and Jeffrey Hallock

World Bank’s Evolution Process Must Prioritize Civic Space and Participation, letter from 65 CSOs submitted to the World Bank

2022

International Aid Actions for Accountability: Identifying Interaction Effects Between Programmes, journal article, Development Policy Review, (Rachel Nadelman, Rosie McGee, Ayesha Khan, Euclides Gonçalves, Jonathan Fox, Richard Burge, Fatai A. Aremu, Colin Anderson, 2022)

Shrinking Civic Space: How Can the World Bank Respond?, blog, Oxfam International (Rachel Nadelman, Christian Donaldson, and Katelyn Gallagher, October 2022)

Civic Space and Reprisals Risks: Missing Elements in the Assessment of Development Projects, panel at World Bank/IMF Annual Meetings Civil Society Policy Forum (moderator: Rachel Vernon; panelists: Rachel Nadelman, Ruslan Myatiev, Maninder S. Gill, October 2022)

Civic Space: The Missing Element in the World Bank’s Country Engagement Approach, Oxfam Briefing Paper (Christian Donaldson, Katelyn Gallagher, and Rachel Nadelman, 2022)

Grievance Redress Mechanisms in the Public Sector: A Literature Review, background paper for The Skeptics Guide to Open Government, Open Government Partnership (Suchi Pande and Naomi Hossain, 2022)

El control social en Colombia: Un balance sobre las veedurías ciudadanas, Accountability Working Paper, ARC (Mariana Cepeda, 2022)

Seeing the Combined Effects of Aid Programmes, IDS Policy Briefing (Richard Burge, Rachel Nadelman, Rosemary McGee, Jonathan Fox and Colin Anderson, 2022)

Participatory Oversight Institutions, webpage, ARC (2022)

Indigenous Rights, Safeguards, and Conflict Resolution: Successes, Failures and Lessons from Three World Bank Projects, World Bank/IMF Spring Meetings Civil Society Policy Forum (moderator: Rachel Nadelman; panelists: Mario Paniagua, Roberto Espinoza, Carolina Juaneda, Gabriel Quijandría, Kennan Papp, Dianna Pizarro, Angela Caballero Espinoza, April 2022)

2021

How Can the World Bank Reduce Child Labor and Farmer Poverty with its Proposed Côte d’Ivoire Cocoa Project? blog, Bank Information Center (Sofia Dinn with Judy Gearhart, 2021)

Environmental and Social Framework Implementation in Latin America, panel at World Bank/IMF Annual Meetings Civil Society Policy Forum (moderator: Rachel Nadelman; panelists: Laura Montaño, Carolina Juaneda, Marivero del Mastro, Sofia Abreu Ferrerira, October 2021)

The World Bank Has Made High-level Commitments to Engaging Citizens—So Why is it Proving So Hard to Implement?, blog, LinkedIn (Naomi Hossain and Rachel Nadelman, 2021)

How Do World Bank Staff Perceive the Institutional Environment for Building Citizen Engagement into Projects?, Accountability Working Paper, ARC (Rachel Nadelman, 2021)

Citizen Engagement in Practice: Lessons From the Independent Monitoring of Citizen Engagement Implementation in World Bank-Funded Projects in Ghana, Malawi and Uganda, panel at World Bank/IMF Annual Meetings Civil Society Policy Forum (moderator: Rachel Nadelman; panelists: Beauty Emefa Narteh, Michael Kaiyatsa, Gilbert Sendugwa, Erik Caldwell Johnson, April 2021)

U.S. Foreign Assistance Portals are Inadequate to Assess Reform on Locally Led Development, blog, American University Center for Latin American and Latino Studies (Katerina Parsons, December 2021)

2020

How Do World Bank Projects Commit to Citizen Engagement?, Policy Briefing, Institute of Development Studies (Rachel Nadelman, 2020)

¿Cómo se comprometen los proyectos del Banco Mundial con la participación ciudadana? Policy Briefing, Institute of Development Studies (Rachel Nadelman, 2020)

Contested Terrain: International Development Projects and Countervailing Power for the Excluded, article, World Development (Jonathan Fox, 2020)

How Do Donor-led Empowerment and Accountability Activities Take Scale into Account? , IDS Working Paper (Colin Anderson, Jonathan Fox and John Gaventa, 2020)