School of International Service · American University
Bridging research and frontline perspectives.
The Accountability Research Center (ARC) partners with civil society strategists, policy reformers, and researchers. We co-design action research that informs strategies for upholding and improving public and corporate accountability.
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Accountability Note September 2026

Upon these Terrible Ruins: Social Participation and Participatory Institutions in Brazil During Lula’s Third Adminstration
Brazil institutionalized participation during the 1990s and 2000s, becoming seen internationally as a vast laboratory for participatory innovation and the possibilities of its institutionalization. But Jair Bolsonaro’s government made strong efforts to dismantle participatory institutions, leading to a widespread perception that the participatory model had failed. This Accountability Note examines the fate of participatory institutions under the subsequent government, Lula’s third.
Adrian Gurza Lavalle and José Szwako
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